Blockchain

Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio
Profesor: Miguel González Calvo
Programa académico: Grado en Inteligencia Artificial

Contenidos

1. Fundamentos económicos
   • Activo real vs. activo financiero, características del dinero
   • Banca central y banca libre
   • Agregados monetarios
   • Formación de precios
2. Criptografía y funciones hash
   • Criptografía simétrica
   • Criptografía asimétrica
   • Hashing y salting
3. Introducción a las criptomonedas y Bitcoin
   • Motivación y escenarios
4. Fundamentos de Blockchain
   • Bloque, transacciones
   • Proof of Work y minería
5. Funcionamiento de Bitcoin
   • P2PK, P2PKH
   • SegWit
   • Taproot
6. Red Lightning
   • Introducción
   • Canales de pago
   • Pathfinding y routing
7. Problemas de Bitcoin y alternativas
   • Tamaño de bloque: Blocksize War
   • Bitcoin Cash vs. Lightning
8. Contratos inteligentes
   • Introducción
   • Ethereum: Ethereum Virtual Machine
   • Introducción a organizaciones descentralizadas (DAO)
   • Aplicaciones descentralizadas (DApps)
   • Tokens digitales: stablecoins, NFTs
9. Transformación de servicios financieros
   • Introducción a SWIFT y T2
   • Decentralized Finance (DeFi): decentralized exchanges (DEX)
   • Stablecoins: clasificación
     • USDT, USDC
     • Espiral de la muerte
   • Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)
10. Regulación FinTech
    • Regulación crypto
    • GENIUS Act
11. Barreras y retos
    • Riesgos sistémicos y de mercado
    • Uso ilícito y opacidad
    • Consumo energético y huella de carbono
    • Ataques de seguridad estructural
    • Otros riesgos significativos

Noticias de interés

• Donald Trump threatens extra 100% tariff as he retaliates against China. Financial Times, 10 oct. 2025
• The 10 charts that define Donald Trump’s tumultuous first 100 days. Financial Times, 29 apr. 2025
• Low approval and sticky inflation: a year of Donald Trump in charts. Financial Times, 5 nov. 2025
• US Congress passes landmark bill to regulate stablecoins. Financial Times, 17 jul. 2025
• The twilight of the central banking elite. Financial Times, 22 ago. 2025
• Binance teams up with BBVA to let customers keep assets off exchange. Financial Times, 8 ago. 2025
• EU speeds up plans for digital euro after US stablecoin law. Financial Times, 22 ago. 2025
• Stablecoin group Tether holds talks to invest in gold miners. Financial Times, 5 sep. 2025
• Crypto group Tether to launch new stablecoin with eye on US markets. Financial Times, 12 sep. 2025

Recursos

Recursos:

• Repositorio del curso en GitHub
• Learn me a bitcoin
• Opcode Explained
• Ejemplo de transacción
• Repositorio oficial
• Visualizaciones interesantes
• Tipos de interés:
  • Reserva Federal
  • Banco Central Europeo

Minería:

• Minerstat

Vídeos:

• Juan Ramón Rallo. Saifedean Ammous: Gold and Bitcoin, the End of the Fiat System?
• Saifadean Ammous. Conferencia en Fundación Rafael del Pino, 2 de octubre de 2018
• Saifadean Ammous. Conferencia en la Fundación Rafael del Pino, 17 de enero de 2025
• Saifadean Ammous. Fiat is war, Bitcoin is peace, 14 de noviembre de 2025

Finanzas:

• Perry Mehrling. Economics of Money and Banking. Coursera

Datos:

• CoinMarketCap
  • Ver también API
• CoinGecko
  • Ver también API
• Blockchain.com, especialmente la sección de Charts y para explorar bloques específicos
  • Blockchain Size (MB)
  • Average Block Size (MB)
  • Average Payments per Block
  • Total Number of Transactions
  • Median Confirmation Time
  • Average Confirmation Time
• BlockExplorer
• Bitcoin Volatility Index

Ethereum:

• Etherscan
• Faucet Link
• Patrick Collins. Learn Solidity, Blockchain Development, & Smart Contracts | Powered By AI - Full Course: primera parte, y segunda parte

Código:

• Visual Studio Code
• Extensiones:
  • solidity
• Remix IDE

Datos para Sepolia:

• Network name: Ethereum Sepolia
• New RPC URL: https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com
• Chain ID: 11155111
• Currency Symbol: ETH
• Block explorer URL (optional): https://sepolia.etherscan.io

DeFi:

• Aave
• Compound
• Ledn
• Nexo
• Sky, and Maker
• Coinmarketcap. A Complete Guide to Making Passive Income With Lending

Wallets:

• Hot wallets:
  • Electrum: Bitcoin wallet, good for testing with Testnet
  • Phantom
  • MetaMask: recommended for testing with ETH Sepolia, integration with Remix
  • Trust Wallet
• Cold wallets:
  • Trezor: open-source, good history
  • Ledger
  • Tangem: card design

Bibliografía básica

• Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
• Saifedean Ammous. El patrón Bitcoin: La alternativa descentralizada a los bancos centrales. Deusto.
• Andreas M. Antonopoulos, David A. Harding. Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain (2023). 3rd edition. O’Reilly.
• Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, Carlo Parisi, Alessandro Mazza, Niccolo Pozzolini. Mastering Ethereum: Implementing Smart Contracts (2025). 2nd edition. O’Reilly.
• Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Olaoluwa Osuntokun, René Pickhardt. Mastering the Lightning Network: A Second Layer Blockchain Protocol for Instant Bitcoin Payments (2022). 1st edition. O’Reilly.
• Bertaut, Carol, Bastian von Beschwitz, and Stephanie Curcuru (2025). “The International Role of the U.S. Dollar – 2025 Edition,” FEDS Notes. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, July 18, 2025, https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3856.

Bibliografía complementaria

• Anthony Lewis. The Basics of Bitcoins and Blockchains (2018)
• Joseph Poon, Thaddeus Dryja. The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments
• Lyn Alden. Broken Money: Why Our Financial System is Failing Us and How We Can Make it Better (2023)
• J. Tucker. Bit by bit: how P2P is freeing the world
• Slutskiy. Yes, You Should Own Bitcoin
• Wendy McElroy. The Satoshi Revolution: The Revolution of Rising Expectations
• Adrián Bernabéu. Bitcoinismo
• Álvaro D. María. La filosofía de Bitcoin
• Giacomini y Rossi. Bitcoin: New Financial Order or Libertarian Dystopia? An answer from the Past: Free Banking in Scotland 1727-1845. A Critical Review of Decentralised Systems of Private Money Supply
• Laura Davidson y Walter Block. Bitcoin, the Regression Theorem, and the Emergence of a New Medium of Exchange
• Konrad Graf. Revisiting Conceptions of Commodity and Scarcity in Light of Bitcoin

Finanzas

• Marcia Stigum, Anthony Crescenzi. Stigum’s Money Market
• Perry Mehrling. Money and Empire: Charles P. Kindleberger and the Dollar System

CBDCs

• Saroj Bhattarai, Mohammad Davoodalhosseini, Zhenning Zhao. Central Bank Digital Currency and Transmission of Monetary Policy
• Alper Koparan. Central Bank Digital Currencies: A review of global trends in adoption, financial inclusion, and the role of country characteristics
• Marianne Bechara, Wouter Bossu, Amira Rasekh, Chia Yi Tan, Akihiro Yoshinaga. Private Law Aspects of Token-Based Central Bank Digital Currencies
• Raphael Auer, Giulio Cornelli and Jon Frost. Rise of the central bank digital currencies: drivers, approaches and technologies
• Toni Ahnert, Katrin Assenmacher, Peter Hoffmann, Agnese Leonello, Cyril Monnet, Davide Porcellacchia. The economics of central bank digital currency
• Fernando Navarrete Do we really need a digital euro: A solution to what problem exactly?
• European Central Bank. Report on a digital euro
• Miguel A. Fernández Ordóñez. Adiós a los bancos: Una visión distinta del dinero y la banca (2020)

Stablecoins

• Jiageng Liu, Igor Makarov, and Antoinette Schoar, “Anatomy of a Run: The Terra Luna Crash”, NBER Working Paper 31160 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3386/w31160.
• Ariah Klages-Mundt, Dominik Harz, Lewis Gudgeon, Jun-You Liu, Andreea Minca, “Stablecoins 2.0: Economic Foundations and Risk-based Models”
• Tobian Adrian et al. Understanding Stablecoins (2025). International Monetary Fund, ISBN 9798229024075
• Antonio Fatás. The economics of Fintech and Digital Currencies (2019). CEPR Press, Paris & London

Decentralized Finance

• CoinGecko. How To DeFi: Beginner
• CoinGecko. How To DeFi: Advanced
• Campbell R. Harvey. Decentralized Finance (DeFi): The Future of Finance Specialization. Coursera
• Campbell R. Harvey, Ashwin Ramachandran, Joey Santoro. DeFi and the Future of Finance (2021). Wiley
• Shermin Voshmgir. Token Economy (2025). 3rd edition

Ethereum

• Ethereum development documentation
• Vitalik Buterin. 2014. Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform
• Gavin Wood. Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform, Yellow Paper
• Vitalik Buterin. Proof of Stake: The Making of Ethereum and the Philosophy of Blockchains (2022)
• Camila Russo. The Infinite Machine (2020)
• ERC-20 Token Standard, de la EIP-20
• ERC-729 Non-Fungible Token Standard, de la EIP-721

Acronyms

• CEX Centralized Exchange
• DEX Decentralized Exchange
• DApp Decentralized Application
• DeFi Decentralized finance
• DAO Decentralized autonomous organization
• KYC Know YOur Customer
• NFT Non-Fungible Token
• PoW Proof of Work
• PoS Proof of Stake
• L1/2 Layer 1/2
• EVM Ethereum Virtual Machine